Piriformis syndrome is a condition of neuromuscular disorder in which the sciatic nerve becomes irritated by the piriformis muscle. Amongst other symptoms, this brings on pain in the buttocks and referred pain along the sciatic nerve (sciatica).

Symptoms

Although symptoms of piriformis syndrome may vary from one case to the next, some potential symptoms of the condition may include the following. Symptoms indicated refer to the location of the buttocks or sciatic nerve unless otherwise mentioned.

Difficulty sitting
Leg pain (radiating from the buttocks or sciatic nerve)
Leg weakness
Numbness
Pain
Sciatica (sciatic nerve pain)
Tingling

Causes

Medically, the sciatica symptoms involved in piriformis syndrome are brought on by irritation of the sciatic nerve. It is not known why the piriformis muscle begins to irritate the sciatic nerve at certain times.

Piriformis syndrome is commonly associated with falling-type injuries. It is also thought that overpronation of the foot may lead to piriformis syndrome as the piriformis muscle can become tight (due to extra use).

Diagnosis and Treatment

Piriformis syndrome diagnosis is made by a doctor or medical professional. A physical examination, the patient's medical history, and the symptoms may each be taken into consideration.

Some particular tests that may also be used include: x-ray, other radiological tests such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), neurography (a type of MRI), diagnostic injection (using a fluoroscope), and bone scan.

Piriformis syndrome treatment can vary based upon the individual case and patient, along with other factors. Treatment not requiring surgery is often the first option prescribed. Monitoring the symptoms or taking anti-inflammatory medications are two options at this stage.

Additionally, stretching exercises and other methods to relieve piriformis muscle spasms and pain may be used. Injections of local anesthetics, possibly combined with anti-inflammatory medicines, might also be given.

Surgery is generally the last treatment option to be prescribed for piriformis syndrome cases.